DAS CONGO PROJECT.
What is Sustainable Finance
THE THESIS RETROCESSION OF EMIGRATION
Das Congo project - Africa macro economic disarmed strategy.
Chapter 12
LES^SENCE GREEN BONS ON STOCK MARKERT & FORCE SUSTAINABLE FUNDS INVESTMENTS.
Sustainable finance refers to any form of financial service integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria into the business or investment decisions for the lasting benefit of both clients and society at large.
A sustainable financial centre is a financial marketplace that, as a whole, contributes to sustainable development and value creation in economic, environmental and social terms. In other words, one that ensures and improves economic efficiency, prosperity, and economic competitiveness both today and in the long-term, while contributing to protecting and restoring ecological systems, and enhancing cultural diversity and social well-being.
Activities that fall under the heading of sustainable finance, to name just a few, include sustainable funds, green bonds, impact investing, microfinance, active ownership, credits for sustainable projects and development of the whole financial system in a more sustainable way.
Terminology used in sustainable finance can be confusing as there are few standard definitions, and different countries and organisations use the same terms to mean different things. Look at our Glossary to get an overview on the variety of terms.
GET THE BASICS {STOCK MARKET & INVESTMENT FUND}.
Wall Street is a famous street that runs through lower Manhattan. It is the historic site of many financial institutions, and as such, it has become a symbol of commerce and the American economy. Several firms continue to maintain offices at on this street, capitalizing on the name recognition factor involved. Many visitors to New York like to take a stroll along Wall Street to examine the famous buildings and locations scattered along its length.
There are two explanations for the name of the street. Some historians believe that it references a literal wall built by the Dutch in the 1600s to protect themselves from invasions. Others have suggested that the name is a reference to the Walloons, citizens from Belgium who played a large role in the construction of New Amsterdam, better known as New York City. In any case, by the 18th century, this East-West running street had become associated with commerce, thanks to informal meetings of traders under a famous buttonwood tree.
Manhattan's overall financial district is sometimes referred to as “Wall Street.” Among many other things, this area houses the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), a major institution in the American market. It is also the namesake of the Wall Street Journal, a famous publication that covers both financial and global news, often with an eye to how changing political conditions may impact commerce.
SIX Swiss Exchange (formerly SWX Swiss Exchange), based in Zürich, is Switzerland's'principal stock exhange (the other being Berne eXchange ). SIX Swiss Exchange also trades other securities such as Swiss government bonds and derivativessuch as stock options.
There are two explanations for the name of the street. Some historians believe that it references a literal wall built by the Dutch in the 1600s to protect themselves from invasions. Others have suggested that the name is a reference to the Walloons, citizens from Belgium who played a large role in the construction of New Amsterdam, better known as New York City. In any case, by the 18th century, this East-West running street had become associated with commerce, thanks to informal meetings of traders under a famous buttonwood tree.
Manhattan's overall financial district is sometimes referred to as “Wall Street.” Among many other things, this area houses the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), a major institution in the American market. It is also the namesake of the Wall Street Journal, a famous publication that covers both financial and global news, often with an eye to how changing political conditions may impact commerce.
SIX Swiss Exchange (formerly SWX Swiss Exchange), based in Zürich, is Switzerland's'principal stock exhange (the other being Berne eXchange ). SIX Swiss Exchange also trades other securities such as Swiss government bonds and derivativessuch as stock options.
The main stock market indexfor the SIX Swiss Exchange is the blue-chip index, the SMI, or Swiss Market Index. The index consists of the 20 most significant and most liquid large and mid-cap SPI equity-securities based on the free float market capitalisation.
SIX Swiss Exchange was the first stock exchange in the world to incorporate a fully automated trading, clearing and settlement system in 1995. The exchange is controlled by an association of 55 banks. Each of these banks has equal voting rights in the matter of decision making concerning the management and regulation of the exchange.
SIX Swiss Exchange is the joint owner of Eurex , the world's 2nd largest futures and derivatives exchange, after the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, along with their German partners Deutsche Börse. In July 2004 however SIX Swiss Exchange rejected a merger proposal from the German company, that analysts anticipated as profitable for many small companies listed on SIX Swiss Exchange.
The Global Derivatives Marketplace
What is an 'Investment Fund'
An investment fund is a supply of capital belonging to numerous investors used to collectively purchase securities while each investor retains ownership and control of his own shares. An investment fund provides a broader selection of investment opportunities, greater management expertise and lower investment fees than investors might be able to obtain on their own. Types of investment funds include mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, money market funds andhedge funds.
What is a Stockholder
One who owns shares of stock in a corporation or mutual fund. For corporations, along with the ownership comes a right to declared dividens and the right to vote on certain company matters, including the board of directors also called shareholder.
microeconomics'
The field of economics focused on individual factors and the impact they have on interactions between single buyers and sellers. Its central concepts include the laws of supply and demand.
What is a Stock'
the capital raised by a company or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares.
What is a Stockholder
One who owns shares of stock in a corporation or mutual fund. For corporations, along with the ownership comes a right to declared dividens and the right to vote on certain company matters, including the board of directors also called shareholder.
microeconomics'
risk
The possibility of losing some or all profits or investment return due to external market factors.
risk management
Identifying, analyzing and either mitigating or absorbing the price risk in investing or business planning.
Identifying, analyzing and either mitigating or absorbing the price risk in investing or business planning.
The Regulatory Measures
As with any other financial business responsible for handling people’s money, futures exchanges operate within very strict, very closely watched guidelines. This regulation comes from both outside and inside the exchange, ensuring that everything that happens at an exchange follows the letter and spirit of the law.
Exchange:
A central marketplace with established rules and regulations where buyers and sellers meet to trade futures and options contracts.
Outside the Exchange
In the United States, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)regulates the nation’s futures and options markets. Its oversight protects market participants from fraud, manipulation and market abuse, and ensures the financial integrity of an exchange.
Inside the Exchange
Futures exchanges are self-regulatory organizations, or SROs, meaning that they create and enforce rules and standards that comply with CFTC principles, protect market participants and promote integrity and equality throughout the industry. Typically, there is a formalized department that works within the exchange, running constant surveillance and compliance measures on each and every activity performed at an exchange.
Speculator, An individual who accepts market risk in an attempt to profit from buying and selling futures and/or options contracts by correctly anticipating future price movements.
Transparency, The amount of access a market openly offers about its activities and financial information.
VolatilityA measurement of the change in price over a given time period.
Liquidity is the ability for every buyer to find a seller, and every seller to find a buyer, so that trading activity can remain consistent and reliable.
The Exchange: How It Works
Definition - What does Investment Banker Fee mean?
An investment banker fee is paid by a company to an investment banker for using their services with respect to M&As, fundraising or IPOs. The investment banker and the company enter into a formal agreement that contains details of services offered by the investment banker and the compensation received in return for their time and effort. Sometimes, much negotiation is involved until both parties agree that the terms are fair to each.
5 FORCES SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION PLAN
7 STANDARS
1- FAIRTRADE AFRICA COFFE {KENYA}
2- FAIRAFRIC CHOCOLATE {GANNA}
3- ALLIANCE FOR A GREEN REVOLUTION FOOD POPULATION {AGRA)
4- CMIA - COTTON MADE IN AFRICA org.
5- AFRICA GREEN TEC SOLAR ENERGY, WATER & EDUCATION {CONGO}
6- SUSTAINABLE WINE SOUTH AFRICA WOSA.
7- DIAMANOD EMPOWERMENT FOUND & FLUSSING SCHOOLL {CONGO}
LES^SENCE. RETROCESS OF EMIGRATION THE NEW MOOD!!!
When creating B2B content, think about not only what information you want readers to process, but what will inspire them to act. This will dictate the best medium for your story.
AFRICA SUSTAINABILITY
Background information
We believe that education is a key component to sustainable development, which in turn is essential to empower individuals, communities, and society toward future economic prosperity, stability, and advancement.
A central marketplace with established rules and regulations where buyers and sellers meet to trade futures and options contracts.
Outside the Exchange
In the United States, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)regulates the nation’s futures and options markets. Its oversight protects market participants from fraud, manipulation and market abuse, and ensures the financial integrity of an exchange.
Inside the Exchange
Futures exchanges are self-regulatory organizations, or SROs, meaning that they create and enforce rules and standards that comply with CFTC principles, protect market participants and promote integrity and equality throughout the industry. Typically, there is a formalized department that works within the exchange, running constant surveillance and compliance measures on each and every activity performed at an exchange.
Speculator, An individual who accepts market risk in an attempt to profit from buying and selling futures and/or options contracts by correctly anticipating future price movements.
Transparency, The amount of access a market openly offers about its activities and financial information.
VolatilityA measurement of the change in price over a given time period.
Liquidity is the ability for every buyer to find a seller, and every seller to find a buyer, so that trading activity can remain consistent and reliable.
The Exchange: How It Works
Traders from all over the world come to a futures exchange for a stable, regulated, transparent and liquid venue on which to buy and sell futures contracts. These exchanges were born on the streets of Chicago, eventually moving indoors to the bustling open-outcry pits we’ve come to associate with the concept of trading. But today’s exchanges are almost entirely electronic, executing millions of trades per second and offering market participants around-the-clock access to the global markets.
Contract:
A formal and legally binding agreement between two or more parties.
What is a 'Hedge Fund'
Hedge funds are alternative investments using pooled funds that employ numerous different strategies to earn active return, or alpha, for their investors. Hedge funds may be aggressively managed or make use of derivatives and leverage in both domestic and international markets with the goal of generating high returns (either in an absolute sense or over a specified market benchmark). It is important to note that hedge funds are generally only accessible to accredited investors as they require less SEC regulations than other funds. One aspect that has set the hedge fund industry apart is the fact that hedge funds face less regulation than mutual funds and other investment vehicles.
BREAKING DOWN 'Hedge Fund'
Each hedge fund is constructed to take advantage of certain identifiable market opportunities. Hedge funds use different investment strategies and thus are often classified according to investment style. There is substantial diversity in risk attributes and investments among styles.
Legally, hedge funds are most often set up as private investment limited partnerships that are open to a limited number of accredited investors and require a large initial minimum investment. Investments in hedge funds are illiquid as they often require investors keep their money in the fund for at least one year, a time known as the lock-up period. Withdrawals may also only happen at certain intervals such as quarterly or bi-annually.
Contract:
What is a 'Hedge Fund'
Hedge funds are alternative investments using pooled funds that employ numerous different strategies to earn active return, or alpha, for their investors. Hedge funds may be aggressively managed or make use of derivatives and leverage in both domestic and international markets with the goal of generating high returns (either in an absolute sense or over a specified market benchmark). It is important to note that hedge funds are generally only accessible to accredited investors as they require less SEC regulations than other funds. One aspect that has set the hedge fund industry apart is the fact that hedge funds face less regulation than mutual funds and other investment vehicles.
BREAKING DOWN 'Hedge Fund'
Each hedge fund is constructed to take advantage of certain identifiable market opportunities. Hedge funds use different investment strategies and thus are often classified according to investment style. There is substantial diversity in risk attributes and investments among styles.
Legally, hedge funds are most often set up as private investment limited partnerships that are open to a limited number of accredited investors and require a large initial minimum investment. Investments in hedge funds are illiquid as they often require investors keep their money in the fund for at least one year, a time known as the lock-up period. Withdrawals may also only happen at certain intervals such as quarterly or bi-annually.
Mutual fund
A mutual fund is a professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. These investors may be retail or institutional in nature.
Mutual funds have advantages and disadvantages compared to direct investing in individual securities. The primary advantages of mutual funds are that they provide economies of scale, a higher level of diversification, they provide liquidity, and they are managed by professional investors. On the negative side, investors in a mutual fund must pay various fees and expenses.
Primary structures of mutual funds include open-end funds, unit ivestment trust, and closed funds. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are open-end funds or unit investment trusts that trade on an exchange. Mutual funds are also classified by their principal investments as money market funds, bond or fixed income funds, stock or equity funds, hybrid funds or other. Funds may also be categorized as index funds, which are passively managed funds that match the performance of an index, or actively managed funds. Hedge funds are not mutual funds; hedge funds cannot be sold to the general public and are subject to different government regulations.
What is 'Investment Banking '
Investment banking is a specific division of banking related to the creation of capital for other companies, governments and other entities. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations, aid in the sale of securities, and help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations and broker trades for both institutions and private investors. Investment banks also provide guidance to issuers regarding the issue and placement of stock.
A mutual fund is a professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. These investors may be retail or institutional in nature.
Mutual funds have advantages and disadvantages compared to direct investing in individual securities. The primary advantages of mutual funds are that they provide economies of scale, a higher level of diversification, they provide liquidity, and they are managed by professional investors. On the negative side, investors in a mutual fund must pay various fees and expenses.
Primary structures of mutual funds include open-end funds, unit ivestment trust, and closed funds. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are open-end funds or unit investment trusts that trade on an exchange. Mutual funds are also classified by their principal investments as money market funds, bond or fixed income funds, stock or equity funds, hybrid funds or other. Funds may also be categorized as index funds, which are passively managed funds that match the performance of an index, or actively managed funds. Hedge funds are not mutual funds; hedge funds cannot be sold to the general public and are subject to different government regulations.
What is 'Investment Banking '
Investment banking is a specific division of banking related to the creation of capital for other companies, governments and other entities. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations, aid in the sale of securities, and help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations and broker trades for both institutions and private investors. Investment banks also provide guidance to issuers regarding the issue and placement of stock.
An investment banker fee is paid by a company to an investment banker for using their services with respect to M&As, fundraising or IPOs. The investment banker and the company enter into a formal agreement that contains details of services offered by the investment banker and the compensation received in return for their time and effort. Sometimes, much negotiation is involved until both parties agree that the terms are fair to each.
WHY SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENST
Investors worldwide are increasingly seeking investment opportunities that promise to bring environmental and social benefits, in addition to market rates of return. If this trend continues, with the advancement of environmental or social objectives enhancing an investment’s value, it will strengthen the commitment to sustainability that is already gaining momentum among businesses around the world.
Last year, one out of every six dollars of assets under professional management in the United States – a total of $6.6 trillion – was allocated toward some form of sustainable investment, especially public equities.
Some 1,860 companies, managing $65 trillion worth of assets, are signatories of the United Nations’ “principles for responsible investment,” which recognize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors – and thus the long-term health and stability of companies and markets – as critical to investors. One signatory, CalPERS, one of the world’s largest institutional investors, has gone a step further: it will require all of its investment managers to identify and integrate ESG factors into their decisions – a bold move that could transform capital markets.
The number of companies issuing sustainability reports has grown from fewer than 30 in the early 1990s to more than 14,000 in 2018. And, in a recent Morgan Stanley survey, 81% of respondents stated that they are interested in sustainable investing.
To be sure, a major barrier to incorporating ESG criteria into investment decisions remains: many investors – including 64% of the respondents in the Morgan Stanley survey – believe that doing so could lower the financial rate of return. But there is mounting evidence that this is not the case, with several recent studies indicating that sustainable investments do as well as – or even outperform – traditional investments.
Sustainable finance and its changing importance in Switzerland
In my opinion, over the last year has sustainable finance gained importance amongst key stakeholders (i.e. public sector, banks, asset owners) in the Swiss Financial center Yes, sustainable finance has gained considerable importance
.
Two-thirds of the population believe that sustainable finance has gained at least some im- portance amongst key stakeholders (i.e. public sector, banks, asset owners) within the Swiss financial centre. An additional 20% of respondents believe sustainable finance has gained considerable importance.
Sustainable investment, also known as 'socially responsible' investment (SRI), has grown enormously in the past decade. In the early days, it was regarded as a fringe interest, mainly for small investors with strong views on the environment and human rights. Since then, the amount of money invested in 'sustainable' funds has increased dramatically, and many of the large financial services firms have begun offering their clients a 'sustainable' option.
Defining SRI an exact definition of 'sustainable' or 'socially responsible' investment is hard to pin down. For example, some investors are anxious to avoid putting their money into firms that manufacture arms, alcohol or tobacco. Others want to avoid companies that excessively pollute the environment.
For more radically-minded individuals, an SRI fund should not merely 'screen out' companies whose activities are regarded as unsustainable; it should actively seek out those firms that are breaking new ground in social and environmental performance.
For this reason, ethical investors are usually advised to shop around, and to read the small print of the fund manager's literature before committing any money to the fund.
Investors worldwide are increasingly seeking investment opportunities that promise to bring environmental and social benefits, in addition to market rates of return. If this trend continues, with the advancement of environmental or social objectives enhancing an investment’s value, it will strengthen the commitment to sustainability that is already gaining momentum among businesses around the world.
Last year, one out of every six dollars of assets under professional management in the United States – a total of $6.6 trillion – was allocated toward some form of sustainable investment, especially public equities.
Some 1,860 companies, managing $65 trillion worth of assets, are signatories of the United Nations’ “principles for responsible investment,” which recognize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors – and thus the long-term health and stability of companies and markets – as critical to investors. One signatory, CalPERS, one of the world’s largest institutional investors, has gone a step further: it will require all of its investment managers to identify and integrate ESG factors into their decisions – a bold move that could transform capital markets.
The number of companies issuing sustainability reports has grown from fewer than 30 in the early 1990s to more than 14,000 in 2018. And, in a recent Morgan Stanley survey, 81% of respondents stated that they are interested in sustainable investing.
To be sure, a major barrier to incorporating ESG criteria into investment decisions remains: many investors – including 64% of the respondents in the Morgan Stanley survey – believe that doing so could lower the financial rate of return. But there is mounting evidence that this is not the case, with several recent studies indicating that sustainable investments do as well as – or even outperform – traditional investments.
Sustainable finance and its changing importance in Switzerland
In my opinion, over the last year has sustainable finance gained importance amongst key stakeholders (i.e. public sector, banks, asset owners) in the Swiss Financial center Yes, sustainable finance has gained considerable importance
Two-thirds of the population believe that sustainable finance has gained at least some im- portance amongst key stakeholders (i.e. public sector, banks, asset owners) within the Swiss financial centre. An additional 20% of respondents believe sustainable finance has gained considerable importance.
Sustainable investment, also known as 'socially responsible' investment (SRI), has grown enormously in the past decade. In the early days, it was regarded as a fringe interest, mainly for small investors with strong views on the environment and human rights. Since then, the amount of money invested in 'sustainable' funds has increased dramatically, and many of the large financial services firms have begun offering their clients a 'sustainable' option.
Defining SRI an exact definition of 'sustainable' or 'socially responsible' investment is hard to pin down. For example, some investors are anxious to avoid putting their money into firms that manufacture arms, alcohol or tobacco. Others want to avoid companies that excessively pollute the environment.
For more radically-minded individuals, an SRI fund should not merely 'screen out' companies whose activities are regarded as unsustainable; it should actively seek out those firms that are breaking new ground in social and environmental performance.
For this reason, ethical investors are usually advised to shop around, and to read the small print of the fund manager's literature before committing any money to the fund.
FORCE Sustainable investing standards THE Konstelation Plan
A number of standards exist to aid investors in evaluating and differentiating between financial products described as sustainable.Force sells work programme on Investment and Enterprise carries out in-depth analysis of the development impact of AFRICA with a view to helping countries maximize the NET implement development in benefits of Transactions.
They are global challanges requiring coordinated international action in order to create a fairer system for everybody.FORCE INVESTMENTS. Ultimately business model innovaton is about creating value for companies, customers, and society. It is about replacing outdated models to innovation techniques, workshops scenarios, practical guide for visionaries & game changers Big challangers to desing our plannet.
A number of standards exist to aid investors in evaluating and differentiating between financial products described as sustainable.Force sells work programme on Investment and Enterprise carries out in-depth analysis of the development impact of AFRICA with a view to helping countries maximize the NET implement development in benefits of Transactions.
They are global challanges requiring coordinated international action in order to create a fairer system for everybody.FORCE INVESTMENTS. Ultimately business model innovaton is about creating value for companies, customers, and society. It is about replacing outdated models to innovation techniques, workshops scenarios, practical guide for visionaries & game changers Big challangers to desing our plannet.
7 STANDARS
1- LES^SENCE swiss sustainable group focused in the Food population.
2- FORCE Africa First Sport Sustainable Global Brand.
3- DOWNHILL SPORTS E-commerce Sport & Lifestyle platform.
4- DOWNHILL sustainable digital software development Africa.
5- GHETTO BEATS MUSIC APP
6- Re:BOOT Film priotity Group.
7- ELEMENTS Education & Schoolls
LES^SENCE STOCK XCHANGE IN SWISS MARKET ESSENTIALS.
Friends X Friends culture co-working community impact on development of social structural education.Our purpose of business investments and strategy is to offer value to customers and gain competitive Advantage for the succes of company operations. One of the beauties of the business investments model thinking is that we learn to see a business totally different if we really Aplly stringed instruments thinking and dissect business into educational in practical developments system.
2- FORCE Africa First Sport Sustainable Global Brand.
3- DOWNHILL SPORTS E-commerce Sport & Lifestyle platform.
4- DOWNHILL sustainable digital software development Africa.
5- GHETTO BEATS MUSIC APP
6- Re:BOOT Film priotity Group.
7- ELEMENTS Education & Schoolls
LES^SENCE STOCK XCHANGE IN SWISS MARKET ESSENTIALS.
Friends X Friends culture co-working community impact on development of social structural education.Our purpose of business investments and strategy is to offer value to customers and gain competitive Advantage for the succes of company operations. One of the beauties of the business investments model thinking is that we learn to see a business totally different if we really Aplly stringed instruments thinking and dissect business into educational in practical developments system.
5 FORCES SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION PLAN
7 STANDARS
1- FAIRTRADE AFRICA COFFE {KENYA}
2- FAIRAFRIC CHOCOLATE {GANNA}
3- ALLIANCE FOR A GREEN REVOLUTION FOOD POPULATION {AGRA)
4- CMIA - COTTON MADE IN AFRICA org.
5- AFRICA GREEN TEC SOLAR ENERGY, WATER & EDUCATION {CONGO}
6- SUSTAINABLE WINE SOUTH AFRICA WOSA.
7- DIAMANOD EMPOWERMENT FOUND & FLUSSING SCHOOLL {CONGO}
LES^SENCE. RETROCESS OF EMIGRATION THE NEW MOOD!!!
Les^sence is born to create a common development mark for the benefits of people, our sustainable group represents citizes & comissions interesses, implementig a new process of social eco evolution.
Les^sence iIlustration of reality check design to developt financial statments.
Les^sence we translate their business plans into the business process a portrait of Humman networks.
Infographics like this one created by the Wall Street Journal are especially effective for helping readers process information — and thanks to a number of new tools, marketers no longer necessarily need an in-house designer.
Les^sence iIlustration of reality check design to developt financial statments.
Les^sence we translate their business plans into the business process a portrait of Humman networks.
Infographics like this one created by the Wall Street Journal are especially effective for helping readers process information — and thanks to a number of new tools, marketers no longer necessarily need an in-house designer.
When creating B2B content, think about not only what information you want readers to process, but what will inspire them to act. This will dictate the best medium for your story.
AFRICA SUSTAINABILITY
Background information
Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio (1992), sustainable development remained elusive for many African countries, with poverty being a major challenge and desertification, deforestation and climate change its main treats.
Furthermore, only 15% of the Sub-Saharan African rural population had access to electricity in 2012 and the continent sorely lacks important infrastructure investments. The absence of access to modern energy services is a grave obstacle to sustainable development, as recognized by the Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Initiative and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, and contributes greatly to Africa’s poverty trap.
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), launched by African heads of state in 2001, has represented the response of African countries to those treats and challenges. NEPAD has indeed aimed at providing a framework for sustainable development to be shared by all Africa's people, emphasizing the role of partnerships among African countries themselves and between them and the international community, and proposed a shared and common vision to eradicate poverty through sustained economic growth and sustainable development.
African governments also reinforced the pace of regional integration through the rationalization of existing regional economic communities, increasing the power of the African Union, especially in the field of security and peace management.
These efforts have been supported by the international community, with financial and technical contributions to regional communities and specific initiatives to foster African development. Thus, the Heavily Indebted and Poor Countries (HIPC) program was initiated by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996, providing debt relief and low-interest loans to reduce external debt repayments to sustainable levels. Nominal debt service relief under HIPC to the 29 countries that have reached their decision points has been estimated to amount to about US$62 billion, a significant share of which benefited Sub-Saharan African countries.
For the United Nations in particular, Africa has been a priority area, as illustrated by the establishment of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) by the Secretary-General in 2003 and the reference to Africa's sustainable development as a cross-cutting issue in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (see chapter VIII) which emerged from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002.
A growing emphasis is being placed on the Nexus approach to sustainable development, seeking to realize synergies from the links between development factors such as energy, health, education, water, food, gender, and economic growth. In this regard and as part of the follow up to the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development or Rio+20, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA), in collaboration with SE4All, UN-Energy and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), organized Global Conference on Rural Energy Access: A Nexus Approach to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Dec 4 – 6, 2013.
JSE Limited - Stock Exchange : South Africa - Johannesburg Evolution over the last 60 days
WE BELIEVE THE INVESTMENS FUND IN OUR MACROECONOMIC AND GROWTH POLICIES WILL BRING THE BALANCE BEETWEN 2 WORLDS LET,S TRY SOMETHING DIFFERENT -FORCE INVESTENTS & LES^SENCE SUSTAINABLE GROUP-.
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), launched by African heads of state in 2001, has represented the response of African countries to those treats and challenges. NEPAD has indeed aimed at providing a framework for sustainable development to be shared by all Africa's people, emphasizing the role of partnerships among African countries themselves and between them and the international community, and proposed a shared and common vision to eradicate poverty through sustained economic growth and sustainable development.
African governments also reinforced the pace of regional integration through the rationalization of existing regional economic communities, increasing the power of the African Union, especially in the field of security and peace management.
These efforts have been supported by the international community, with financial and technical contributions to regional communities and specific initiatives to foster African development. Thus, the Heavily Indebted and Poor Countries (HIPC) program was initiated by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996, providing debt relief and low-interest loans to reduce external debt repayments to sustainable levels. Nominal debt service relief under HIPC to the 29 countries that have reached their decision points has been estimated to amount to about US$62 billion, a significant share of which benefited Sub-Saharan African countries.
For the United Nations in particular, Africa has been a priority area, as illustrated by the establishment of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) by the Secretary-General in 2003 and the reference to Africa's sustainable development as a cross-cutting issue in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (see chapter VIII) which emerged from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002.
A growing emphasis is being placed on the Nexus approach to sustainable development, seeking to realize synergies from the links between development factors such as energy, health, education, water, food, gender, and economic growth. In this regard and as part of the follow up to the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development or Rio+20, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA), in collaboration with SE4All, UN-Energy and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), organized Global Conference on Rural Energy Access: A Nexus Approach to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Dec 4 – 6, 2013.
JSE Limited - Stock Exchange : South Africa - Johannesburg Evolution over the last 60 days
Monthly change :
Evolution in chart format
Evolution over the last 60 days
Monthly change :
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